Bugs. One of the few drawbacks of summer. Whether they crawl, fly, skitter or tunnel, insects are probably the most hated animals on Earth. Even though most are only a mild annoyance, their sheer numbers, dogged tenacity and ability to survive and breed in the most inhospitable conditions have marked them as a public enemy.

Livestock operations, open lot and pasture alike, are about as close to heaven as insects, especially flies, can get. Room to land, plenty of food and ample breeding areas attract them from far and wide.

Flies can be problematic for Iowa's beef producers. Not only are they pesky, but biting flies adversely affect animal performance and spread disease. Ken Holscher, associate professor in the Entomology Department at Iowa State University (ISU) and cooperator with the Iowa Beef Center, said producers have several options available for fly control.

"Fly control measures depend on two criteria: whether the producer has pasture or feedlot animals and what type of facilities and equipment are available," he said. "All fly control options have limitations, so producers need to evaluate their specific needs and choose wisely."

Pasture Control - Chemical
Horn flies and face flies are the two main species that affect pastured cattle. Although the most effective means of controlling them are primarily chemical, there is a variety of application methods. Equipment and facilities will dictate which measures are best.

Sprays
"Fly sprays are effective and fairly inexpensive," Holscher said. "However, the effectiveness wears off after about 30 days, so the cows must be treated once a month throughout the fly season. Then the question becomes can and do producers want to continue treatments?" Holscher added that treating cattle during the hottest parts of the summer may cause stress.

Pour-Ons, Spot-Ons and Squirt-Ons
Pour-ons are ladled across a cow's back, spot-ons are applied to one spot on the cow's back and squirt-ons are applied to the backs of cattle using a squirt gun mechanism. All three are equally effective, however, they still must be applied once per month.

Forced-Use
Forced-use methods include back rubbers and dust bags and are relatively inexpensive and effective. "Using self treatment takes a little more preplanning by the producer," Holscher pointed out. "Cattle have to use these daily for them to work, so placing them directly in front of food or water is the best bet."

Feed Additives
Feed additives control fly larvae developing in cattle manure. "This approach takes a lot more management than the others," Holscher said. "The cattle must ingest the right amount daily - not too much and not too little.

Obviously, cattle don't know a whole lot about their rations, so producers need to be proactive when using this method."

Ear Tags
Even though there is speculation about resistance to ear tags, Holscher said they are still a viable option for many producers. "For ear tags to work, producers absolutely cannot use pyrethroid tags for more than one year. They should alternate with organophosphate tags every other year," he said.

Nonchemical Control
Mainly small producers will benefit from non-chemical solutions.

Bruce Fly Trap
The Bruce Fly Trap became popular in the 1920s and 1930s and is experiencing a rebirth of sorts. Named for its inventor, the fly trap is usually built from wood or polyvinyl chloride pipe and fine screens. When the animal walks through the framework, the screens scrape the horn flies off. It has no effect on face flies, and cattle must be forced to use the fly trap every day.

Mechanical Controls
"Flies lay their eggs in fresh, undisturbed manure. The manure must remain intact for the larvae to hatch," Holscher explained. "Harrowing pastures regularly would break up the manure and kill the eggs and larvae."

Feedlot Control
Stable and house flies are the main pests found in beef feedlots. House flies are usually only a nuisance, but stable flies feed on blood and attack the animals' legs and ankles with painful bites.

"The best method of controlling flies in feedlots is sanitation and manure management," Holscher said. "Flies need manure and other materials for laying their eggs.

"By trampling and scraping manure, eliminating standing water and cleaning up spilled feed and silage, much of the fly problem can be eradicated."

There are several products available to supplement sanitation practices. Residual wall sprays last three to four weeks and are applied to areas where flies rest.

Knock-down sprays supply a quick but temporary removal of flies from lots - they must be used daily.

Feed additives can be an option, however the active ingredients are deposited in manure, thus, they won't control flies developing in other breeding materials.

"Some producers have tried parasitic wasps in their feedlots," Holscher said. Using this method requires a lot of management, because a person needs to know where, when, how many and how often to release the wasps, he said.

Kunafin Insectaries of Quemado, Texas, has supplied wasps for fly control since the early 1970s. "The beauty of it is that nature created this natural product that kills flies. There's no resistance," said Adele Junfin, who co-owns the company with her husband Frank. When adult female flies lay eggs in manure, the maggots that hatch within 24 hours decompose the manure. Female wasps pierce the maggot cocoon and lay eggs in the maggots. After the baby wasps hatch, they eat the maggots.

Kunafin has supplied wasps to thousands of operations ranging from acreages with one horse to 150,000-head beef feedlots, Junfin said. The company, which produces and supplies beneficial insects, sets up an extensive monitoring schedule for each operation.

Holscher at ISU said none of the techniques he listed have changed much over the past 20 years. "There's really nothing new on the horizon as far as fly control," Holscher commented. "But the current technology is effective; we have to make good use of what we already have." ©